Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. It is a long-term skin condition characterized by painful red bumps, boils, abscesses and scarring in areas of the body that contain sweat glands and hair follicles, such as the underarms, groin, and buttocks. The exact cause of HS is unknown, but it is linked to an abnormal response of the body’s immune system and genetics may also play a role.
Causes of Hidradenitis Suppurativa
Understanding the causes of HS is important so that individuals can reduce their risk of developing the condition and ensure they are receiving the best treatment possible.
The exact cause of HS is unknown, but there are a few theories that may explain the condition. One of these theories is that the condition is caused by an immune system response gone wrong. This theory suggests that the body’s natural defense mechanisms are attacking healthy sweat glands and hair follicles, leading to inflammation and the formation of painful lesions.
Another theory suggests that HS is caused by an overproduction of a certain type of hormone, known as androgens. These hormones play a role in the development of the sebaceous glands, which are responsible for producing sweat. Higher levels of androgens can lead to an increase in sweat production, resulting in these glands becoming blocked and leading to the formation of painful nodules.
The environment in which an individual lives can also play a role in the development of HS. Factors such as humidity, friction, and high temperatures can cause the sweat glands to become blocked more easily, leading to the formation of abscesses. Certain lifestyle factors may also increase the risk of developing HS, such as smoking and being overweight.
Genetics may also contribute to HS. In many cases, a history of HS in the family can increase the chances of an individual developing the condition. It is thought that certain genetic mutations may be to blame for the development of HS, although further research is needed in this area.
Symptoms of Hidradenitis Suppurativa
The primary symptom of HS is a collection of inflamed, painful lumps and bumps under the skin. These can be filled with pus and may vary in size from pea-sized to several centimeters in diameter. The lumps may rupture and leak pus, which can cause an unpleasant smell. The lumps and bumps can also become infected with bacteria, which can make them red, tender, and swollen.
HS usually affects the areas around hair follicles and sweat glands. This includes the armpits, groin, buttocks, and skin folds. These areas tend to be warm and moist, which can make them more susceptible to HS. In some cases, the lumps and bumps may also spread to other parts of the body, such as the chest, upper arms, and abdomen.
There are a few other symptoms of HS that may occur along with the lumps and bumps. These include:
1. Pain: The lumps and bumps can be very painful and tender. This pain can be made worse by skin contact, such as clothing or skin care products.
2. Fever and chills: People with HS may experience a fever, as well as chills due to a high temperature.
3. Fatigue: Many people with HS experience fatigue and exhaustion.
4. Depression: People with HS may also struggle with depression and low mood.
5. Skin discoloration: The affected areas may become red, dark, or have a purple hue.
6. Scarring: As the lumps and bumps heal, they may leave behind scarring.
7. Hair loss: The hair follicles in the affected areas can become inflamed and infected, leading to hair loss.
It’s important to note that the symptoms of HS can vary from person to person. Some people may experience mild symptoms, while others may have more severe symptoms. If you’re experiencing any of the symptoms mentioned above, it’s important to see a doctor as soon as possible to get a proper diagnosis.
Diagnosis of Hidradenitis Suppurativa
The process of diagnosing HS typically begins with a physical examination with a dermatologist. During the physical examination, the dermatologist will examine the affected areas for redness, swelling, and other signs of inflammation. The dermatologist may also take a biopsy or culture of the bumps and abscesses to rule out other possible causes.
In addition to a physical examination, the dermatologist may use imaging tests such as X-ray, ultrasound, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to help diagnose HS. These imaging tests can help determine the extent of the disease and whether it has spread to any other areas. Additionally, the dermatologist may perform a blood test to look for any signs of infection.
Prevention of Hidradenitis Suppurativa
Fortunately, there are a number of steps that can be taken to reduce the risk of developing or worsening HS. The first step is to reduce the amount of friction on the skin, as this can aggravate existing symptoms and increase the risk of infection. Wearing loose-fitting clothing that is made of natural, breathable fabrics can help to reduce friction on the skin and prevent HS flares. Additionally, avoiding tight-fitting clothing and underwear made of synthetic fabrics should be avoided as these can increase sweat and friction on the skin.
In addition to wearing the right clothing, it is also important to keep the skin clean and dry. Sweat can become trapped in pores and increase the risk of infection, so bathing or showering regularly with a mild, non-irritating soap can help to reduce the risk. After bathing, it is also important to make sure that the skin is completely dry before getting dressed, as wet skin is more likely to be irritated and inflamed.
It is also important to avoid any harsh or abrasive skincare products. Harsh products can strip the skin of its natural oils and cause further irritation, so using products that are specifically designed for sensitive skin can help to keep the skin healthy and reduce the risk of HS flares. Additionally, using a moisturizer that is rich in anti-inflammatory ingredients such as aloe vera or coconut oil can help to soothe the skin and reduce inflammation.
It is important to maintain a healthy lifestyle, as this can help to reduce stress and inflammation. Eating a balanced diet that is rich in fruits, vegetables, and healthy proteins can help to support the skin and reduce the risk of HS flares. Additionally, exercising regularly and getting adequate sleep can help to reduce stress levels and keep the immune system healthy.
Treatment of Hidradenitis Suppurativa
The first step in treating HS is to identify and address any underlying conditions that may be contributing to the problem. Common underlying conditions include obesity, diabetes, and hormonal imbalances, so it is important to be screened for these before beginning any treatment.
For many people, medication is an essential part of treating HS. Commonly prescribed medications include antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents, and immunosuppressants. Antibiotics are used to reduce inflammation and treat any bacterial infections present. Anti-inflammatory agents help reduce swelling, while immunosuppressants can reduce the severity of the condition by targeting the immune system. Your doctor will be able to help you decide which medications are right for you, and will be able to monitor your progress and make adjustments to your treatment plan as needed.
In addition to medications, lifestyle changes may be necessary to manage HS. Eating a healthy diet and exercising regularly can help reduce inflammation and improve overall health. Additionally, it is important to manage stress, as this can worsen HS symptoms. Finding ways to relax and manage stress, such as meditation, yoga, or tai chi, can be beneficial.
For some people, surgery may be necessary to treat Hidradenitis Suppurativa. The most common procedure is excision, which involves removing the affected areas of skin. This can help reduce inflammation and scarring, and may be necessary for severe cases of HS. However, surgery is not recommended for everyone and should only be considered after other treatments have failed.